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station this is houston are you ready

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i'm ready for the event

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winter wisconsin school district this is

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mission control houston please call

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where'd you talk now

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no

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station

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this is winter wisconsin school district

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i've got you loud and clear and i'm

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looking forward to talking to uh to

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good i'm gonna hand it off to mr zop

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he'll introduce the students

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and their questions

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thank you mr eyed

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can we have our first student come up

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with regards to the rodent research and

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the scientific method is there similar

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research going on on earth or the iss

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that will be used as the control

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actually yes

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rodents and other animals have been used

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for research for years and most research

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hospitals have a program actually in the

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hospital

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where they're

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doing different kinds of medical tests

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in support of development for medical

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research

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for drugs for diseases for various

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things so we're using that technique as

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an analog up here

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to try to isolate the effects of

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jason nucky ninth grade

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with regards to the wettability study

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when measuring liquids in science class

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we learned to read the meniscus is there

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a meniscus in microgravity and how do

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oh absolutely in fact the meniscus is

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formed by the there's forces right uh

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you know gravity forces down there

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there's also surface tension forces

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cohesive

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adhesive forces adhesion cohesion

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and you're studying all of that we have

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the same forces up here absent gravity

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so liquids do behave

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with their properties and you take the

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gravity away so you can learn lots of

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things in fact we had an experiment

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that's been going on up here for years

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called capillary flow experiment which

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is studying uh the control of liquids

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through different shapes

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of

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using capillary forces

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so that we can

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control the liquid for example in fuel

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tanks of satellites and other liquid

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applications so it's got a lot of

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sage spinner fourth grade

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what kind of cage or enclosure is being

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used to house the mice used in the

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that's a great question in fact we in

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the crew we're in an enclosure called

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the international space station and we

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roam around inside but life support is

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provided for us inside mice of course

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are can be a little bit dirty so we

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have them inside their own habitat

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it's designed to keep them very

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comfortable and very safe it provides

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them

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the right atmosphere

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to breathe it also provides them food

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and water and it's designed also to be

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maintainable so we can clean it so they

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have their own little habitat

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boxes about this big a couple of them to

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keep the mice safe and

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cody coleman 11th grade

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what is the form of power on the iss is

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solar energy used to charge batteries

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that's a good question we have a very

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extensive power distribution system

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integrated into the international space

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station and we use the sun's energy

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which illuminates uh on solar arrays in

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fact when you watch the the iss fly over

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from the ground

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which many of you i know have it's very

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bright and it's so bright because of the

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sun's reflections off the solar arrays

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the sun's energy is collected in the

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solar rays and turned into electricity

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and charging charges batteries big large

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batteries that are mounted outside so

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that we can continue to have power

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inside when

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when we're in our orbital night time and

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then that power is distributed around

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the space station it's reduced in

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voltage but it's mostly direct current

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120 volt direct current through the

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station and then we have inverters

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on board the station to turn it into ac

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power for different users and we

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distribute the power you know to all the

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modules inside the space station to run

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the pumps to run the fans to run the

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experiments to run the lighting all of

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john larson 10th grade

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do the mice using the rodents

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research study just float around in

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i'm sorry could you repeat the question

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i didn't quite hear it

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do the mice used in the rodent research

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study just float around in their

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well the enclosure is not that big it's

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a box about like this and inside they

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have some

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wire mesh to be able to climb on and

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they actually spend a lot of time

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running around the outside of the of the

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enclosure

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so they're able to grab a hole just fine

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and they

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acclimate they have acclimated very well

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to uh to zero g uh and they do very well

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uh acting like uh like rodents do often

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just mostly running around on their own

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and interacting with one another as they

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jasmine gable eighth grade

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how long does it take to notice the loss

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well you go through an adaptation the

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first several days you're up here

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getting used to weightlessness and you

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um your your whole body goes through a

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little uh adjustment for example our

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spine stretches out so you might have a

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minor back ache your leg muscles are not

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being exercised the way they are in the

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ground just supporting their own body so

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they

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might get a little bit uncomfortable

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however we we exercise up here every day

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and over uh all the first two weeks or

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so you acclimate you go through that

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initial acclimation and then exercising

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every day we maintain our bone muscle

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and our

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bone and muscle strength

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uh so

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other than the acclimation to zero g you

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really don't notice it until after the

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flight when that we measure

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our

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bone density we've developed

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countermeasures over the years

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which will help mitigate the loss of

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both muscle and bone and those

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mitigation efforts have been very

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effective so i'm hoping to get back and

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brock a bear 8th grade

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how are the mice in the rodent research

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uh they're given food bars which are

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introduced inside the habitat and they

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have access to it and

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they they just feed off the bar

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in a similar way they have access to

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water so they're able to drink water as

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they please

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and then there's a ventilation system in

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it to help keep the habitat clean

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however there is some maintenance

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required to keep it clean

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just from the waste products but overall

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it's a the habitat is performing very

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max wiley ninth grade

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have you been able to offset the loss of

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muscle and bone mass and microgravity by

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exercise with the machines you now have

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on the iss or is that also a goal of the

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well

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we have many goals in terms of

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continuing to understand the environment

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and the effects on the human body to

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include

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bone and muscle loss over the years

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we've upgraded the equipment on board

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which has greatly improved our

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performance and our ability to maintain

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both muscle and bone

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we have a new treadmill that came up

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actually it's not so new anymore it came

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up about seven years ago or so

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and it performs very well we use a

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harness

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with bungees to pull us down into the

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treadmill to produce the

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load

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that's equivalent to gravity on earth we

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also have a resistive exercise device

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which is the equivalent of a weight

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lifting machine

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and that was upgraded about eight years

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ago we call it the a red or the advanced

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resistive exercise device and it has

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done very well much better than the

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earlier equipment that we had on board

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it's more robust it allows you to

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to carry to pick up more load heavier

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load

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which is more equivalent to the exercise

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you might get on the ground so but we

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still have research to do we still have

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answers

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to find

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to questions that both we already know

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and as well as i'm sure there will be

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future questions that come up

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that identify things we don't yet

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travis shanks 10th grade

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have you had any issues with the rodent

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no actually the the research program has

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gone very very well the high the mice

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have stayed healthy uh we watched them

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very closely in fact there's a camera

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inside the habitat so the the flight

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control team on the ground in huntsville

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alabama can also watch them

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we have sensors in there to keep

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track of the environment that they're

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living in

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and they have stayed very very healthy

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very lively

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and have supported the research program

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very well so no no issues really to

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blake martin fifth grade

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what is your favorite thing to do in

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well my favorite thing of course is to

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uh is to enjoy a weightless environment

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and to be able to do all those things

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that you can do as you might imagine uh

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without gravity so that's a lot of fun

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just uh with our you know with the the

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stuff that we have uh of course it can

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be a challenge too because everything

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i've got a little piece of velcro in

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this food package uh anything that's not

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attached to the wall or or isn't tied

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down somehow we'll drift away and float

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away so we're losing things all the time

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but eventually they're found one of my

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favorite things of course is to get in

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the window and view the earth and to

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take photography and this is an example

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of one of the cameras and a large lens

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this is a 400 millimeter lens

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and much of the photography which you

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might have seen that we've sent down is

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taken with the lens like this we also

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have

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wide angle lenses and then lenses in

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between and we even have one that's a

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bigger than this one an 800 millimeter

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lens so that becomes one of my favorite

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things to do up here is take pictures

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out the window

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just to capture the experience for you

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and everybody else on the planet to be

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able to enjoy

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did you bring any mousetraps with you

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just in case the mice in the rodent

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among the crew we've joked about that

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wondering if a mouse got out if we'd

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ever be able to find him because there's

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lots of nooks and crannies up here

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eventually we could probably lure him

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out with a little bit of food

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but the procedures that we have make it

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very very unlikely that a mouse could

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ever get out we they're always contained

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even when they're transferred from the

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habitat into the

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the work volume that we do the studies

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in

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from the habitat to the to the glove box

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so they're always contained we always

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have controls to make sure that they

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don't get away

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it would be very tough to find a mouse

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on board the space station i'm sure

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how do you know where to land when you

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i missed part of the question how do i

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how

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that's a great question

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actually the the flight control team in

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moscow the russian flight control team

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they do all the planning

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for the for all of the soyuz operations

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to include

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undocking from the space station and

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landing we land in a very specific area

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in central kazakhstan which is halfway

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around the world from where you are i

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say in the middle of nowhere because

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when in the landing site there's nothing

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as far as you can see in every direction

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except just flat fields open fields

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but they uh

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find out exactly when we fight need to

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fire the main engine of the soyuz we

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burn the main engine for a little over

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four minutes flying backwards so that we

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slow down we start that burn when we're

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flying over the southern tip of south

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america

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so that we will re-enter the atmosphere

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and then have the parachute open so that

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we end up right over central kazakhstan

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so we

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fire the engine over south america we

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fly across northern africa across the

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eastern part of the mediterranean sea

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across turkey

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then the parachute opens a little bit

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beyond that and we drift down and land

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in central kazakhstan it's all

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mathematics i know you're studying

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arithmetic

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and in advanced mathematics perhaps in

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high school

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that's what it takes to figure out how

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albert blair fifth grade

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what are you personally researching and

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what will be done with it when the

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we're doing a lot of different research

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on board every day just about we're

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doing some kind of an experiment and

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we on board

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we're not the researchers per se we're

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more like lab technicians so we will

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execute the experiment and we send the

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data that down to to earth

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where the the researchers for each

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experiment there's a team for each

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experiment and they take that data and

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they add that to to the data pool which

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might spread out over years

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to collect all the data to get the

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questions answered to their particular

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hypothesis

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uh the research that we do on board

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covers the whole spectrum of

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of science all the science topics that

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you can imagine

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material science fluid dynamics

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plant growth cell growth dna

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rna studies but perhaps the bulk of the

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studies

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or much of the study and the study

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that's most interesting to me

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is the study of the human body like this

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morning i was doing ultrasound scans of

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the legs and

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of the muscles in my legs

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trying to understand again uh the um the

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impact on the muscle muscle strength uh

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using our exercise protocol that we have

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on board so i see the data uh it might

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be years before i see the results but

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but very very interesting science we're

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macy miller fourth grade

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are they trying to find a way to put

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uh well the moon and sometimes we talk

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about mars the moon and the mars do not

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have an atmosphere that will support

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life in fact the moon doesn't have an

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atmosphere at all

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there's no ready source of

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of water

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there's no food

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there's

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none of the other things that it takes

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to support life for people and that's

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also true for animals so if we were

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going to take an animal to the moon for

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example a pet or any kind of an animal

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we would have to take everything that

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that animal needs to support its life to

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include a habitat just like this space

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station is for us

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and the to take an atmosphere

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and the equipment to maintain the

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atmosphere to remove the carbon dioxide

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to add oxygen

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to maintain a healthy atmosphere free of

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contaminants

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to remove the humidity

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and all of the food and water necessary

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so theoretically it's possible

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but we'll have to take all the support

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brooklyn pettit fifth grade

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00:18:07,110 --> 00:18:02,799
what kind of training do you need to do

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00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:09,510
oh my goodness the training goes on for

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years up here in fact it used to take

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00:18:17,029 --> 00:18:14,799
about four years to prepare for a flight

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00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:17,039
like this now we've gotten it down to

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00:18:21,590 --> 00:18:19,280
about two and a half years or so with

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through efficiencies but it covers the

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whole spectrum we have to understand all

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of the systems on the international

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space station as well as the soyuz

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spacecraft

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we have to understand how to repair it

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when it breaks and and we have repair

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parts for all of the systems on board

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so maintenance and repair

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we have to

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train for to respond for emergencies we

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have to train for all of the science

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experiments that that we've already

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talked about and and many more

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we train we

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00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:53,039
don't

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often have a doctor on board the crew so

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00:19:00,870 --> 00:18:59,039
many of us have medical training so that

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00:19:02,870 --> 00:19:00,880
if we have an emergency a medical

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00:19:04,230 --> 00:19:02,880
emergency or a medical problem even a

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00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:04,240
non-emergency

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00:19:07,590 --> 00:19:05,280
we can

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00:19:08,710 --> 00:19:07,600
respond to that emergency or treat that

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00:19:09,830 --> 00:19:08,720
medical

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00:19:12,549 --> 00:19:09,840
issue

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00:19:14,549 --> 00:19:12,559
so we have all of the equipment that

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00:19:16,630 --> 00:19:14,559
that you might imagine in a small

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00:19:18,870 --> 00:19:16,640
emergency room

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00:19:21,029 --> 00:19:18,880
and and then there's many other things

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00:19:22,630 --> 00:19:21,039
all the other functions we can't call

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00:19:25,190 --> 00:19:22,640
down the street and get an electrician

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00:19:27,590 --> 00:19:25,200
or a plumber for example to come and fix

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00:19:29,430 --> 00:19:27,600
something so we need the training for

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00:19:31,669 --> 00:19:29,440
that as well and then there are many

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00:19:34,549 --> 00:19:31,679
more topics that also we spend time

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00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:36,150
jeff our last question is going to come

446
00:19:46,230 --> 00:19:43,750
what is one of the main projects our

447
00:19:51,510 --> 00:19:46,240
most impressed important projects you

448
00:19:55,110 --> 00:19:53,270
well from my point of view in the in

449
00:19:57,190 --> 00:19:55,120
terms of categories one of the main

450
00:19:59,590 --> 00:19:57,200
things that we're studying that's very

451
00:20:01,990 --> 00:19:59,600
important for future space exploration

452
00:20:03,909 --> 00:20:02,000
is what i've alluded to already the

453
00:20:05,990 --> 00:20:03,919
impacts on the human body in a

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00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:06,000
weightless environment so that we can

455
00:20:10,149 --> 00:20:08,320
mitigate those impacts fully understand

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00:20:11,029 --> 00:20:10,159
them and be prepared to leave earth

457
00:20:13,270 --> 00:20:11,039
orbit

458
00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:13,280
to another destination for a long period

459
00:20:16,950 --> 00:20:14,240
of time

460
00:20:19,430 --> 00:20:16,960
we've talked a lot about muscle and bone

461
00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:19,440
we also have an issue with eyesight some

462
00:20:23,990 --> 00:20:21,280
people have been impacted with their

463
00:20:26,149 --> 00:20:24,000
visual acuity we don't fully understand

464
00:20:28,630 --> 00:20:26,159
that so we're doing some studies to uh

465
00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:28,640
to try to understand that to try to come

466
00:20:32,950 --> 00:20:30,880
up with some answers to mitigate that so

467
00:20:35,750 --> 00:20:32,960
study of the human body is probably the

468
00:20:37,510 --> 00:20:35,760
most significant from my point of view

469
00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:37,520
because it's going to support future

470
00:20:43,110 --> 00:20:39,520
exploration in

471
00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:44,870
jeff that concludes it we'd like to

472
00:20:49,190 --> 00:20:46,960
thank you and nasa for continuing to do

473
00:20:51,430 --> 00:20:49,200
outreach like this it helps to inspire

474
00:20:52,870 --> 00:20:51,440
our next generation of scientists

475
00:20:54,789 --> 00:20:52,880
godspeed and we look forward to having

476
00:20:58,549 --> 00:20:54,799
you back on the having your feet back on

477
00:21:02,390 --> 00:21:00,230
thank you very much and thank you for

478
00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:02,400
your enthusiastic support i hope you're

479
00:21:06,870 --> 00:21:05,280
able to to follow along to see some of

480
00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:06,880
the photography and video that we're

481
00:21:11,830 --> 00:21:09,679
sending down and maybe see us fly over

482
00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:11,840
once in a while i know just this morning

483
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:14,720
we flew over northern wisconsin

484
00:21:18,789 --> 00:21:17,120
and uh and i knew today was our

485
00:21:21,669 --> 00:21:18,799
conference was coming up today so that

486
00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:21,679
was a great uh timing for that passover

487
00:21:45,029 --> 00:21:22,640
i

488
00:21:45,039 --> 00:21:48,390
thank you very much

489
00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:49,990
and thank you to all the participants

490
00:21:53,350 --> 00:21:52,000
and guests at winter wisconsin school

491
00:21:55,110 --> 00:21:53,360
district you all had some great

492
00:21:57,750 --> 00:21:55,120
questions and we really enjoy listening

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00:21:59,990 --> 00:21:57,760
to them here in mission control station